The word "periodontal" means “around the tooth.” According to the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP), healthy gum tissue fits like a cuff around each tooth, and where the gum line meets the tooth, it forms a slight V-shaped crevice called a sulcus. In healthy teeth, this space is usually three millimeters of less.
Causes of Gum Disease
When the tissues are damaged, the sulcus develops into a pocket that is greater than three millimeters. The enlarged pockets allow harmful bacteria to grown and make it difficult to practice oral hygiene. In advanced periodontitis, tooth roots get exposed and sensitive to cold, and unless treated, the affected teeth become loose and may fall out.
The mouth is filled with countless bacteria. According to AAP, periodontal disease begins when certain bacteria in plaque – the sticky, colorless film that constantly forms on the teeth – produce toxins and enzymes that irritate the gums and cause inflammation. The resulting inflammation, which may be painless, can damage the attachment of the gums and bone to the teeth.
Gum Disease Symptoms
It is possible to have periodontal disease without obvious symptoms. Typical warning signs include: gums that bleed easily; red, swollen or tender gums; gums that have pulled away from teeth; bad breath; and loose teeth.
Periodontal Disease Gingivitis
There are many types of periodontal diseases that can affect individuals of all ages from children to seniors. Gingivitis is the mildest form of periodontal disease. It causes the gums to become red, swollen and bleed easily. There is usually little or no discomfort at this stage. Gingivitis is reversible with professional treatment and good oral care at home.
Smoking and Periodontal Disease
Studies show that people who smoke or chew tobacco are more likely to have periodontal diseases. AAP says smokers are more likely to develop plaque and tartar on their teeth and to have deeper pockets between their teeth and gums and greater loss of bone and tissue that support teeth. Periodontal treatment is typically less successful in patients who cannot quit smoking.
Diabetes and Periodontal Disease
Other risk factors are systemic diseases, such as diabetes, blood cell disorders, HIV infections, and AIDS can lower the body’s resistance to infection, making periodontal diseases more severe. AAP says many medications, such as steroids, some types of anti-epilepsy drugs, cancer therapy drugs, blood pressure drugs and oral contraceptives, can affect the gums. Also, puberty and pregnancy change the body’s hormone levels, which can cause gum tissue to become more sensitive to toxins. According to some studies, periodontal disease may be passed from parents to children and between couples, as bacteria causing periodontal diseases are passed through saliva.
How to Prevent Periodontal Diseases
According to the American Dental Association, a good oral hygiene routine practiced for a few minutes twice a day can help reduce the risk of developing periodontal diseases. At least, brush teeth twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste, and clean between teeth with dental floss once a day. Use an ADA-accepted antimicrobial mouth-rinse. Eat a balanced diet and limit snacks. Schedule regular dental visits as professional cleanings are the only way to remove tartar which traps bacteria along the gum line.
Related article: What Causes Bleeding Gums?
Miki Garcia - Miki is a freelance writer from San Francisco. After obtaining her master’s degree in journalism from City University London, UK, ...
